نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 37، بهار و تابستان 1400)

Although social happiness has always been an important and interesting topic, it has been emphasized as one of the central topics of many studies in recent years. Some studies indicate a relationship between economic indicators and social happiness, while some others reject such a relationship.Aiming at investigating the relationship between economic indicators and social happiness, the present research has provided a secondary analysis of the existing data in each province of Iran. The data related to social happiness have been derived from a study by Montazeri et al. (2012), and those related to economic indicators have been derived from the survey results of industrial workshops with 10 employees or more, conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran (2012).The data analysis showed that there is no significant relationship between social happiness and different economic indicators including the Gini coefficient, participation rate, value added, underemployment rate, unemployment rate, production per capita, value added per capita, and share of industry in total employment. These findings suggest that social happiness is a complex social phenomenon the causes and factors of which should be sought in other social, cultural and political areas.

Today, the efforts for strengthen a family is one of the most important issues in the changing word. The meaning ofstrongfamily is not merely living under one roof . Stability refers to the issue whether marriage will remain intact or be dissolved. Now, if we consider the family as a social space in which the position of the members( in this study, couples) is determined according to the size and type of their capital; and if we consider the functions of the capital as a social relation that gives its owner power and dignity, so in this study, we investigate this issue that: what’s the mechanism of action of the couple’s cultural and economical capital on the strengthen of family?The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of economic - cultural capitals of the couples on the strength the family in Sonqor city. Considered mechanisms in this study are the power structure in family and couple relations that economic and cultural capitals through them affect the strength of the family. In development of a theoretical frame work for the study a combination of theories of a strong family, theories of mechanisms of the strucure of power, theories related to mechanism of the type of relationship, and theories of Bordio’s economical – cultural capital are used.Method of study is quantitative and survey and the data collected from structured and standardized questionnaire and by partners. The population was Sonqor all households using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated 373 people. Sampling method is a stratified. The results showed that most of the families in this town in terms of the strengthen of family are among almost balanced and coherent families. In terms of mechanisms of power, most of the couples have little participation within the family; and is terms of the type of relationship, most of the couples have a semi- democratic relationship. According to the results, economical capita doesn’t have a direct effect on the strengthen of family, but the cultural capital affects the strengthen of family both directly and through mechanism.

This article aims to investigate and identify causal conditions, Action and interaction strategies for entrepreneurship and the formation of entrepreneurial action in the lived experiences of the founders of knowledge-based companies. Entrepreneurial action means an action towards entrepreneurship The research method is grounded theory and the data are analyzed qualitatively. The statistical population of all entrepreneurs was 53 knowledge-based companies located in Mashhad. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 entrepreneurs. Sample size was theoretical saturation and sampling method were the biggest differences between participants. The central category is based on the findings of the causal conditions section. Rethinking personal identity with six sub-categories of diversity including diversity of entrepreneurial methods of action, achieving awareness, self-inquiry, future-oriented decision making, exchange of ideas and actions (back and forth between thought and action) and new ways of thinking and living were achieved. Entrepreneurial identity is not a "given" thing, but is built on a regular basis. Rethinking means that people are constantly re-evaluating their activities. The characteristics and actions of the individual are constantly revised and fundamentally modified by new data and information. In the strategies of action and interaction of entrepreneurs, management, managing, transferring or answering to phenomena, and it is devised under a specific set of conditions observed by actors. Based on the findings of this qualitative study, entrepreneurs with spontaneous attachment (entrepreneurial passion), effective seeing skills, effective listening, problem solving skills, and by changing management style In response to the situation arose and somehow managing the pass to success.

The philosophy of this interpretive research is qualitative approach and the strategy used is the methodology of the Grounded theory with Glaserian or emergent approach.The statistical population of this study was experts in social entrepreneurship and the founders of social enterprises, who were selected through theoretical sampling of 19 people as a sample until the theoretical saturation and an in-depth interview was conducted with them. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. Four criteria of trustworthiness, transformability, dependability and confirmability were used to evaluate the strength of the research. In order to analyze the data in this study; the MAXQDA (Version 10) software package was used, and open, selective, and theoretical coding processes were performed. After the analysis is done during the coding process and continuous comparison, the codes with Preliminary data; 34 Concepts were extracted.In this model, the causes (needs, problems, challenges, social and environmental crises; the existence of social opportunities); Correlated factors or covariances (individual and social motivations; prosocial factors; individual entrepreneurial knowledge; educational background, previous knowledge and experience; family factors; personality dimensions; role patterns); contingencies or moderating factors (entrepreneurial organizational skills; capital infrastructure; different types of organization; convergence of support institutions; team and networking; having a business model; training and research centers; mentors and growth centers; solving the problems of entrepreneurs social); mediating conditions or variables (legitimacy of social entrepreneurship; stability and comprehensiveness; attractiveness of social entrepreneurship activities); consequences (creation of spiritual values; creation of social values ​​and creation of economic values); The context or environment (socio-cultural factors; political factors; economic factors; laws and policies; media) were identified around the central category of "social value creation process" and finally based on the research findings, the indigenous social entrepreneurship model of Iran was formed.

The statement that "women are more religious than men" is one of the few general statements that social scientists, especially sociologists of religion, have consensus on. Nevertheless, explaining why is considered a scientific puzzle, and several theories have been proposed to explain this gender gap in religiosity. This research paper was organized with the aim of examining the empirical validity of the theory of existential security in Iran, around the question of to what extent the indicators of existential security can explain the gender gap of religiosity in Iran? In this regard, the arguments of critical safety theory were first formulated in the form of research hypotheses. Then, by assign the unit of analysis to "province" and using the within country comparative method, the hypotheses were compared with the data of all provinces in Iran to assess the degree of conformity of the predictions of the theory with empirical evidence. Finally, the findings of the empirical test of the relationship between existential security and the gender gap of religiosity in Iran by within country comparative method and inter-provincial analysis showed that none of the hypotheses representing the theory of existential security are confirmed. In fact, the findings of this study failed to provide seriously and reliability support for the theory of existential security in explaining the gender gap of religiosity in the context of the Muslim population and the provinces of Iran.

Today, the consumption of clothing has lost some of its main function and has become a field for expressing identity and responding to the social needs of human beings, beyond meeting and meeting real needs.The purpose of this study is to explain the sociology of theatrical use of clothing in the city of Birjand and to try to examine the impact of human agency and structural factors in the formation of this phenomenon. Since the researcher intends to study a social reality from the outside by focusing on variables, the appropriate approach is a quantitative one therefore; the necessary data to test the research hypotheses have been collected by survey method and through a questionnaire. Based on this, the researcher has selected 383 residents of Birjand city using Cochran sampling formula by multi-stage cluster sampling method.Formal validity was calculated through judges' judgment, weight index of variables by factor analysis test, and instrument reliability by Cronbach's alpha test.The results of this study showed that the variables of conformity, differentiation, show-off, self-expression opportunities, social limitations and consumption habits had a significant effect on the dramatic consumption of clothing. Of course, access to resources did not have a significant effect on this variable. In addition, there was no significant difference between men and women in terms of dramatic consumption of clothing.The findings of this study are consistent with much of the theoretical discussion presented by theorists such as Simmel, Veblen, and Bourdieu about dramatic consumptions and their identity function.

The present study was conduct as a phenomenological qualitative study with the aim of evaluating the quality of Iranian universities from a socio-cultural perspective. Participants in this study were 21 students and faculty members of Kurdistan University, Allameh Tabatabai University, University of Tehran and Sistan and Baluchestan University who were purposefully selected and interviewed. Also, the validity and reliability of the data were evaluated using the review method of the participants in the study. The obtained data were also analyzed using inductive content method based on interpretive-constructive paradigm. The results showed that these institutions are not of good quality in the socio-cultural field and the socio-cultural problems of universities are related to two factors, which are: Organizational factors (lack of attention to democracy, lack of peace and disregard for the education of global citizens, lack of space in the university, inactivity of trade unions / scientific associations) And individual factors (limited awareness of society and disregard for science, uncertainty of philosophy of life, individual spirits contrary to the academic environment, disregard for differences, fading of the religion of Islam, cultural invasion) . Also, in order to solve the mentioned problems, strategies such as : developing a free-thinking chair, cultural-social interaction with the universities of the Islamic world, drawing a cultural vision document, identifying and organizing scientific elites

The aim of this study was to investigate the contexts and conditions for the formation of competition among high school students in Quchan. Approach was qualitative and technique was narrative inquiry. Unstructured interviews were used to collect data. The field of research in the academic year 2019-20 was two boys' high schools in Quchan. Twenty-two people were interviewed, including 17 students and 5 teachers. The participating students were selected using the snowball method and based on the criterion of having competitive characteristics. To validate the research findings, triangulation technique and rich description and review of texts rewritten by the interviewees were used. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the findings. Data analysis was performed through open and axial coding. The report of this research was compiled in the form of poetry. Based on the results of this study; factors such as gaining popularity, avoiding humiliation, the ability to compete with parental comparisons, attracting the teacher's attention, and the fear of falling behind competitors were among the factors that intensified negative competition among students. Active and continuous evaluation of teachers in order to improve the quality of teaching, creating a need for learning in students due to creating an inner desire and lack of attention from others, educating and informing parents about the harms of competition; were of the suggestions to face negative competition in this study.

In the contemporary era and along with the admittance of modernity into the Iranian society, Iranian women have redefined their identities in the shadow of major social changes. However, the procedure of changing women's traditional roles as well as their presence in the public sphere has been a challenging process. These women are struggling with the structure of gender inequality in their identification process. Having employed a feminist approach and a qualitative and phenomenological method, the researchers of the present study have investigated the lived experiences of the women whose presence and employment in the press have given them different experiences as compared to their male counterparts. Accordingly, we conducted narrative and in-depth interviews with 16 women working in the press of Mashhad who were selected based on purposive sampling. Experiencing unequal distribution of power, wealth, prestige and opportunities, gender division of labor, the presence of gender stereotypes, gender sociability, the presence of gender ideologies, gender blindness in the workplace, feelings of relative deprivation, self- objectification, reliance on sexual capital by some women in the workplace, and strategies against the structure of gender inequality, are themes and concepts that explain the lived experiences of the women who participated in this study.

The general purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between social actions, relationship with nature and environmental knowledge of citizens living in Bushehr. The importance of the environment, both in the regional and national dimensions and in the international dimension, has necessitated scientific attention to various factors, especially the role of human factors in the destruction or preservation of the environment. In this regard, the relationship between humans and the environment has been paid special attention by sociologists and social scientists around the world. The sample size was determined and selected using a simple random sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire that was analyzed through Amos software. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the variable of social actions, the relationship with nature and the variable of environmental knowledge. The results of structural equations showed that the mean root index was equal to 0.07, the ratio of Chi-square to the degree of freedom was equal to 2.95, and the appropriateness fit was equal to 0.92. According to the structural equation indices, the proposed models have a good fit. The result is that social actions and relationships with nature play an important role in environmental knowledge. Keywords: social actions, nature, environmental knowledge, citizens of Bushehr

This article has been compiled from a descriptive mixed research method to identify the dimensions and components of entrepreneurial leadership and its impact on organizational entrepreneurship in Saipa Automotive Company in the winter of 1999.The qualitative part of the research with the Grounded Theory approach and the quantitative part has been done by survey method. The statistical population includes board members, senior managers, middle managers, company experts and the sampling method is purposive and stratified random. Qualitative data through semi-structured interviews with 14 experts, and quantitative data were collected by completing a questionnaire by 358 sample members. Qualitative data through coding process (open, axial and selective) and quantitative data have been analyzed based on structural equation modeling (confirmatory factor analysis and structural model). Based on the findings, the entrepreneurial leadership model by identifying 5 dimensions and 13 components, including guidance (goal orientation, inspiration, modeling), facilitation (perceptual capability, communication capability, empowerment), support (commitment, motivation, emotional intelligence), coaching (Teamwork, participation seeking) and entrepreneurship factor (professional ability, entrepreneurship ability) are presented. Indicators including validity and reliability criteria and model fit indices indicate their acceptability. The results show that the most important factors influencing entrepreneurial leadership on organizational entrepreneurship in Saipa are first the factor of leaders being entrepreneurs and then the factor of guiding them.

Social distancing is an important recommendation in the field of public health, which is implemented to reduce the prevalence of Covid-19 disease. The virus is particularly prevalent among young people, but there is no information on how they behave in terms of social distance. Covid-19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Do you want to change the social distance? Social distancing policies aimed at stopping the spread of the corona virus are unlikely to be effective with the launch of public vaccination programs. Instead, as the Covid-19 epidemic draws to a close, more stringent policies by governments may be in place.

The present study is a qualitative experiment, which examines how young people participate in observing social distance and the reasons for following or violating health guidelines. The statistical population of youth (14 to 24 years old) is a country that has been purposefully selected. The collected data were also coded in the form of deployment and analyzed using descriptive statistics. In this study, based on the theoretical saturation method, no new information appeared during data analysis. Because, the theoretical saturation point is the end point for the volume of data collection. In this study, based on Strauss and Corbin analysis method for data analysis, three coding steps were performed: open, axial and selective coding.

Probably most of the companies stated that they observed social distance (619/81). 344 respondents (0.45) reported cases of themselves or others in violation of health protocols, which for Meeting friends, family or other important people. (51/0) 388 people stated that the observance of social distance was due to the legal ruling of the National Corona Headquarters and the closure of jobs. (0.32) 245 people stated that social distance had a negative effect on their interactions with others. Then, to protect the health of people in the community, more than a quarter of health care providers to protect the health of others (including relatives and vulnerable people) observed social distance (0.76) 581 people. Also, people between the ages of 19 and 24 actually had more accurate perceptions of health rules than other ages (0.68).

The response of young people shows that communication based on the observance of health protocols is necessary. There have also been misconceptions about not observing social distance if vaccinated. Therefore, safe health guidelines are needed for young people to interact in social life in order to maintain social distance, because these continuous links to youth social distance guidelines play an important role in limiting the prevalence of Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, young people showed that the creation of collective sacrifice in the fight against Covid-19 disease was a gift of creating a public benefit for individuals in society. Knowing that there are many of them, they stated that they have had a bitter experience of declining social interactions during this time, which has overshadowed their mental health.